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Political Dictionary

Runoff Election

A runoff election is an additional contest held when no candidate meets the required threshold in the first election.

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Definition

A runoff election is a second round of voting used when no candidate wins the required share of votes in the initial contest. In many jurisdictions, the top two candidates advance. Some systems use an immediate or instant runoff through ranked-choice ballots instead of holding another election day.

Why It Matters

Runoffs are designed to ensure that the winner has broader support than a simple plurality in a crowded field. They can also change turnout patterns, campaign coalitions, and spending.

How It Works

Officials determine that no candidate reached the required threshold, certify which candidates advance, and conduct a new election. Voters cast a new ballot, usually choosing between two finalists.

History

Runoff systems have been used in U.S. state and local elections and in many countries. Their design reflects a preference for majority winners rather than plurality winners.

Example

If three candidates receive 40, 35, and 25 percent where a majority is required, the top two may compete in a runoff.

Common Misconceptions

  • Every election with no majority automatically goes to a runoff.
  • A runoff is the same as a recount.
  • Only presidential elections can have runoffs.